Bangkok is Thailand’s capital city and biggest urban centre, and one of the world’s megacities. It is part of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR),which is further composed of the Bangkok Metropolitan Area (BMA) and its five adjacent provinces, covering an area of 7,758 km2. The rapid urban expansion of Bangkok, matched with its population growth over the past few decades, has left many issues unresolved. With the city struggling in maintaining pace with urbanisation trends and match it with the provision of the necessary public infrastructure.

New Clark City is a new planned city currently being developed on a former military base in the Philippines by the Bases Conversion and Development Authority (BCDA) and various private sector companies. The city is expected to be the country’s first smart, resilient and green metropolis. It aims to address growing environmental problems caused by climate change, by being disaster resilient in a region that has been heavily impacted by natural disasters.

Lagos is the largest urban agglomeration in Nigeria and one of the biggest and fastest growing megacities in the world, with population estimates ranging from 12 to over 20 million people. The built-up area is situated along the banks of the western portion of Lake Lagoon and expands to the north, following the expressway to Abeokuta and Ibadan. Although the urban extension is mainly contained within the administrative boundaries of Lagos State, the city has begun to stretch beyond its borders, expanding in the direction of the main transport routes into Ogun State.

Abeokuta is the largest urban centre and capital of Ogun State, located in the South West Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. Ogun State lies to the north of Lagos State, to the west of Ondo State, and to the south of Oyo State and Osun State. Abeokuta is built in the centre of the Lagos-Ibadan extended urban region or conurbation, and forms part of the larger metropolitan economic area. This strategic location, matched with the presence of diverse local resources, rapid population growth and enhanced political status has generated dynamic economic activities.